🦑 3D Artist's Handbook

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Rendering

Jul 12, 2024, 11 min read

Render Engines

Offline Rendering
Render engines meant for offline rendering don’t rely on speed, rather the goal is to, get the best possible result albeit in a somewhat reasonable time. It’s used to render portfolio pieces, for example.

Real-time Rendering
Render engines that excel at real-time rendering have to be able to fluently render entire scenes at high frame rates and still feel snappy with player input, while also not forfeiting graphical fidelity.

Showcase Rendering
These render engines need to be extremely portable so they can easily be shared with clients and employers though either their browser or a file which is easy to open and only has the essential controls. Some good features that a showcase renderer should have are:

  • Basic navigation controls
  • Show wireframe
  • Texture map isolation
  • Show model statistics like tris count
  • Light rotate
  • Multiple cameras with a camera switching system
  • Camera rotation and zoom limiting
  • Controls for starting, stopping and scrubbing through and animation as well as being able to change the playback speed and cycle through different animation sets
  • The ability to display post effects like vignette or chromatic aberration
  • A section in the file for the name of the project, one’s own name and a link to one’s portfolio

Software Screenshots Having screenshots of the project in software is a very good way to convey that a model is fully game ready and modular / easy to adapt, as well as making it clear that you are comfterbal in that software

Render EnginesOffline RenderingReal-time RenderingShowcase Rendering
Marmoset Toolbag✅ Very Good✅Very GoodOk
Marmoset Viewer--✅ Very Good
Unreal Engine✅ Very Good✅ Very GoodOk
Blender (Eevee / Cycles X)Good❌ BadOk
Sketchfab-Good✅ Very Good
Substance PainterOkOkOk
Fusion
Arnold
Nuke
Maya
RenderMan

Marmoset rendering

  • Best for single characters and props, not that good for bigger environments
  • Not that good for complex lighting setups
  • Amazing showcase via Marmoset Viewer

Marmoset Viewer:

  • Some sites like ArtStation support the Marmoset Viewer API allowing for the 3D model to be viewed in the browser
  • The recipient needs to download a file and the Marmoset Viewer software

Unreal Engine rendering

  • Great for characters and props as well as big environments
  • Very good for complex lighting setups andd ussing things like shadow catchers
  • The single best showcase for the simple reason that if people see it runs properly in a game engine they know it’s well optimized

Sketchfab rendering

  • Not good for complex lighting and environments can only handle smaller things
  • Models can be shared with just a link

Blender rendering

A good option for artworks.

Things to Showcase

ToDo: link some example portfolios

These are some ideas of what one could include in one’s portfolio showcase.

  • Screenshot of Unreal Engine to show that it’s fully game ready
  • Screenshot of layer stack in Substance Painter to show that the textures can easily be adapted
  • Screenshots of node setups in Substance Designer or the compositor as long as they are somewhat complex / relevant
  • Screenshot of the project in the modeling software (make sure outlier is nice and organized). This can show things like baking groups. I recommend doing this more so if Maya was used and maybe not with Blender
  • Screenshot of the high detail mesh in ZBrush. This is less needed and maybe not even representative of the final high as one might have done changes to the model in the modeling software
  • Screenshot or render of the model with UV checker maps
  • Screenshot of the character’s game rig or control rig and maybe some weight painting. What one could also do is record a quick video of putting the character into different poses to showcase the weight paint
  • One the main cover render itself one could add an Unreal Engine or Marmoset Toolbag logo watermark as long as it was actually rendered in that software. Artists often do this to show that a model is game ready or in general to show that they are experienced and know what their doing, as many beginner artists will opt to using the modeling software built-in renders (I’m not saying that the built-in renders aren’t good or don’t have their purpose, but that’s the general stigma. An employer will most likely think more of a render if it has an Unreal or Marmoset watermark).
  • An idle animation or any kind of slight movement to make the character feel more dynamic and interesting (of course if one is good at animating, then making a small animation is even better)

Render Resolution & Aspect Ratio

Firstly, one should look at what device will be viewing the art. Most displays of PCs, laptops, phones, TVs except for tablets, will have an aspect ratio of exactly 16:9 or be close to that ratio (Most tablets have an aspect ratio of 4:3).

This means that when rendering, it’s good to stick with one of these 16:9 resolutions.

  • 1280x720 (HD)
  • 1920 x 1080 (2k / Full HD)
  • 2560 x 1440 (QHD / WQHD)
  • 3840 x 2160 (4k / Ultra HD)
  • 7680 x 4320 (8k / Ultra HD)

(H=High, D=Definition, Q=Quad, W=Widescreen (a meaningless letter added for marketing purposes))

Then it’s important to look at what resolutions are even supported by sites. Mostly you’ll want to render in your desired resolution and then downscale it to meet the resolution requirements set by the website one is uploading it to.

-ArtStationArtStation ProSketchfabYouTube
Max size10mb-
Max resolution400 x 400 - 1920 x 1080400 x 400 - 10k x 10k8k
Max clip resolution2k4k--
Max clip length1 min1 min--
Max MarmosetViewer size15mb50mb-
YouTube iframeyesyes-

Your final art pieces renders should mostly not exceed 3840 × 2160 (this obviously totally depends on the situation, like if one wants to be able to use the art work on posters or 8K displays as a background). But for showcases, renders with higher resolutions are fine, so one can zoom in to see more details.

Note that even though an aspect ratio of 16:9 is good as a default, choosing the aspect ratio is an artistic choice in itself. For a landscape one would maybe want a more wide image, or if one is showcasing details of a character’s armor, a square aspect ratio could look nice and better suit the purpose.

Lastly, there’s a trick to circumvent resolution caps websites set for uploading art. By splitting the image into 2 or more commonly 3 parts, and displaying them above each other, one gets far more resolution with the downside of small gaps in between the images (this works best with portrait oriented images).

Here’s ArtStation’s take on it, and as they say don’t use this method if you just want the image to display big, but if you want to be able to upload higher resolution images.

To achieve this split art work style, the resolutions would look like this:

  • 5760 x 3240 (3 times 1920 x 1080 on top of each other)
  • 7680 x 4320 (3 times 2560 x 1440 on top of each other)
  • 5400 X 9600 (3 times 1800 x 3200 on top of each other)
  • 11520 x 6480 (3 times 3840 x 2160 on top of each other)

Turntable Animation Rendering

Turntable animations are a looping animation where a character does one full turn in a circle, perfectly looping back to the first frame. One could directly render out a video, but it’s better to let the renderer render every frame as a separate image, so that if it crashes while rendering one doesn’t have to start from the beginning again. Then, after all frames are rendered into a folder, one can stitch them together again.

When animating the rotation, it’s important to make sure that the keyframe interpolation mode is set properly. In Blender for example, per default the animations has easing at the start and end (to fix in Blender: Keyframe Interpolation Mode > Linear). Also, make sure to start at frame 1 and not frame 0.

The amount of frames the animation should have depends on the duration that one full turn should take and the frame rate the animation will be rendered at:

24 fps30 fps60 fps
4 sec96120240
5 sec120150300
6 sec144180360
7 sec168210420
8 sec192240480

Animation Rendering

To-Do

Wireframe Rendering

Wireframe can either be pre rendered into the image or toggled in real-time renderer. The 3 best options for both offline rendering and real-time rendering wireframe is Marmoset Toolbag, Blender And Unreal Engine. I personally find Marmoset Toolbag / Unreal Engine best for real-time wireframe showcase and Blender / Marmoset Toolbag best for pre rendered wireframe showcase.

Marmoset Toolbag wireframe rendering

To-Do

Blender wireframe rendering

Blender doesn’t actually have a proper way of rendering wireframe, but there’s a hacky solution of using freestyle edges

  • Mark all edges as freestyle edges
  • Toggle only edge mark
  • Decrease thickness
  • Toggle freestyle edges in the render settings
  • Configure freestyle edges render settings until you like the wireframe output (e.g. line thickness, line color, line opacity)

Unreal Engine wireframe rendering

To-Do

Render Passes

To-Do

Rendering in Blender

Good Blender add-ons for rendering:

Rendering all cameras with one click (Blender)

  • Make camera active camera (Ctrl + 0)
  • Place marker at desired frame in timeline (M)
  • Bind active camera to marker (Ctrl + B)
  • Repeat for all cameras on following frames

Rendering Bloom (Blender)

This is a viable way of doing it, but often it’s better to add bloom during post processing in the compositing software instead.

To-Do: Explain why EXR file format best for rendering bloom

Take into consideration that working with EXR files, especially Multilayer EXR is very advanced and should only be used if one is a bit more experienced. It comes with the benefit of more artistic control.

Eevee Render Settings (Blender)

  • Background Transparency on
  • Bloom off (only turn it off right before rendering)

Rendering in Marmoset Toolbag

Rendering with Marmoset Real-time Viewer

To-Do

In Marmoset, one can either offline render shots or go the real-time route with Marmoset Viewer.

  • Add a camera, the camera location will be the default viewport view
  • Adjust render settings. They are available in the camera tab, Lens and Post Effects but also in export tab. Note that some settings won’t carry over into the viewer file, like chromatic aberration

Graph View

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